Standard Network Topology (large systems)

In the standard redundant network, which is often done by 3rd party dedicated telecom companies, managed switches are used for every connection point to “the network”. It’s the networks (and operator) responsibility to repair any failure fast enough so that no influence on the HA system or its outputs occur.

The network can use other fast redundancy algorithms also have other than ring structures if redundancy links are activated fast enough.

Redundant ring topology with independent network (using any fast redundancy mechanism internally in a ring or meshed network)

Redundancy switch over timing should match the settings in the program and CI modules for time-out and freeze periods.